Cyber Espionage and the Redefinition of Security Threats in the Foreign Policy of the United States of America

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, CT, C, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Ahv, C, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.

10.22080/jpir.2026.31767.1584

Abstract

This study examines the role of cyber espionage in redefining security threats and its impact on United States foreign policy. The central research question is how cyber espionage has transformed perceptions of security threats and reshaped U.S. foreign policy strategies. Drawing on cybersecurity theory and the securitization approach, and employing a descriptive–analytical method, the study analyzes the position of cyber espionage within the national security structure and foreign policy of the United States. The findings demonstrate that cyber espionage has evolved beyond a merely technical threat and has been redefined as a strategic threat to national security, critical infrastructure, and U.S. economic and political interests. The expansion of cyber threats and increasing involvement of state and non-state actors have encouraged U.S. foreign policy to strengthen cyber deterrence, expand international security cooperation, and enhance intelligence and surveillance capabilities. Moreover, U.S. security and intelligence institutions play a central role in managing and responding to digital espionage threats. Overall, the expansion of cyber espionage has contributed to redefining traditional concepts of security and generating new forms of transnational threats. Consequently, cyber espionage has become a major driver of transformation in U.S. security, intelligence, and diplomatic policies in the digital age.

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References

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Journal of Politics and International Relations
Volume 9, Issue 2 - Serial Number 18
August 2026
Pages 187-214

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