From Crisis to Functional Coexistence: An Analysis of Turkey–Armenia Relations after the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2021–2025)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 University of Mazandaran

2 Assistant Professor and Faculty Member, Russian Language Department, University of Mazandaran

10.22080/jpir.2025.30185.1469

Abstract

Relations between Turkey and Armenia have consistently been shaped by historical conflicts, identity crises, and geopolitical considerations, leading to persistent tensions. The aim of this study is to analyze the process of normalizing relations between the two countries during the period 2021–2025, using the theoretical framework of “functional coexistence.” The central research question is what factors have facilitated or constrained the normalization process and to what extent this process can be explained within the model of functional cooperation. The study has been conducted with a qualitative method, applying a documentary-analytical approach and relying on interpretive analysis. Data have been collected through content analysis of official sources, diplomatic statements, reports from research centers, and academic articles. The findings indicate that although steps such as the appointment of special representatives, the resumption of direct flights, and the opening of the Margara border crossing have been taken, obstacles such as the pressure of the Armenian diaspora, historical issues like the genocide question, and the constraining role of Azerbaijan have hindered full normalization. At the same time, the decline of Russia’s traditional influence in the South Caucasus and the active involvement of actors such as the United States and the European Union have created a more favorable environment for pursuing phased diplomacy. Overall, relations between the two countries have shifted from historical hostility toward functional coexistence, though achieving structural interaction requires institutionalizing intermediate cooperation and redefining geopolitical interests.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Politics and International Relations
Volume 8, Issue 16
November 2025

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