The conceptual explanation of negotiation model between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States during the second term of Trump's presidency.

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of International Relations, National Defense University

2 PhD in Political Geography and Geopolitics and Expert Researcher in Da'a

10.22080/jpir.2025.29940.1448

Abstract

International negotiation is a vital process for countries to resolve disputes, establish relationships, and advance interests through peaceful means. Today countries operate in a multipolar world characterized by tensions between major powers and regional powers. The aim of this article is to examine developments in the approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran in negotiations with the United States and to present an alternative approach for negotiation during Donald Trump's second presidential term. This article analyzes Iran's strategic shifts from a passive negotiation model to a power-centered negotiation model and explores how to transition from a defensive approach to an active one against the United States. The main research question is: What methods and policies can Iran employ to achieve a power-centered negotiation, and how can it strengthen its position in negotiations with the United States? To answer this question, the research method of the article is based on content analysis of political documents, examination of official statements, and analysis of Iran's diplomatic developments during this period, with findings obtained through interviews and expert panels. The research results indicate that for Iran to realize a power-centered negotiation approach, it must emphasize strengthening its economic and defense capabilities, and enhance its position against the United States by utilizing regional diplomacy and expanding relations with global powers. Additionally, adopting policies based on mutual pressure and establishing non-negotiable red lines are among the actions that can place Iran in a position of strength.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  • الف. فارسی

    • بدرا، محمدشتا. (1398). الگوی مذاکرۀ رصدخانه‌ای با نگاهی تحلیلی ـ انتقادی به فلسفۀ مذاکره و رویکردهای آن (مطالعۀ موردی: توافق برجام). سیاست دفاعی 28 (107): 51-9.
    • حافظ‌نیا، محمدرضا (1388) جغرافیای سیاسی ج.ا.ایران، چاپ 3، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
    • ، هانس (1403) مذاکره و مدیریت تعارض، ترجمۀ امیر فولادی، بهروز پورولی، علی عزیزی، ناشر کتاب مهربان
    • رییسی، مهسا . (1403). روش‌های مذاکره در زمان بحران. (e195997). ماه­نامۀ علمی-تخصصی برند آفرین، 5 (50).
    • صالحیان، تاج­الدین، قیطاسی، سجاد، احمدی نژاد، حمید (1403) منطق گفتمانی آمریکا در مصداق­سازی تروریسم: بازنمایی حزب­الله و تحریر الشام. مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا. 4(4). .137-159. doi: 10.27834743/ASS.2502.1276.5
    • ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا (1379)، حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، چاپ 14، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
    • هشجین زاهد و شجاعی جبار (۱۳۹٦) مقایسۀ راهبرد مذاکره با جریان‌ها و کشورهای غیرهم­سو از نگاه دو جریان اصول­گرا و اصلاح طلب، جستارهای سیاسی، معاصر، سال ٨ ش ٢: 48-٢١.

    ب. انگلیسی

    • Pfetsch, Frank R (2007). Negotiating Political Conflicts. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Ganesan, S. (1993). Negotiation strategies and the nature of channel relationships. Journal of marketing research, 30(2), 183-203.
    • Tudoran, D., & BOGLUȚ, A. (2014). Types of negotiation tactics. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 46(2).
    • Gerecht, R. M. (2002). Regime Change in Iran. The Weekly Standard, 5(8).
    • Varasteh, M. (2013). Understanding Iran's National Security Doctrine. Troubador Publishing Ltd.
    • Juneau, T. (2023). Defending Iran: From Revolutionary Guards to Ballistic Missiles by Gawdat Bahgat and by Anoushiravan Ehteshami
    • Raiffa, H. (1985). The art and science of negotiation. Harvard University Press.
    • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press.
    • Schelling, T. C. (1980). The Strategy of Conflict: with a new Preface by the Author. Harvard university press.
    • Bacharach, S. B., & Lawler, E. J. (1981). Power and tactics in bargaining. ILR Review, 34(2), 219-233.
    • ZARTMAN, W. I. (1998). Justice in negotiation. International Comparative Studies of Negotiating Behavior, 11, 15-29.
    • Steiner, B. H. (2004). Diplomacy and international theory. Review of International Studies, 30(4), 493-509.
    • De Callieres, M. (2023). On the manner of negotiating with princes: On the uses of diplomacy; the choice of ministers and envoys; and the personal qualities necessary for success in missions abroad. Good Press.
    • Neale, M. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (1985). The effects of framing and negotiator overconfidence on bargaining behaviors and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 34-49.
    • Schneider, A. K., & Lewicki, R. J. (2016). The past and future challenges of negotiation theory. Ohio St. J. on Disp. Resol., 31, 1.
    • Walton, R. E., & McKersie, R. B. (1991). A behavioral theory of labor negotiations: An analysis of a social interaction system. Cornell University Press.
    • Wondwosen, M. (2006). Negotiation: A Concept Note. Mimeo. Rome: FAO. CONCEPTUAL AND PROGRAMMATIC FRAMEWORK 197.
    • Fisher, R., & Ertel, D. (1995). Getting ready to negotiate. Penguin.
    • Kogan, E. B. (2019). Art of the power deal: The four negotiation roles of Donald J. Trump. Negotiation Journal, 35(1), 65-83.
    • Richard Shell, G. (2019). Transactional man: Teaching negotiation strategy in the age of Trump. Negotiation Journal, 35(1), 31-45.
    • Kraus, S., & Wilkenfeld, J. (2002). A strategic negotiations model with applications to an international crisis. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 23(1), 313-323.
    • Alfredson, T., & Cungu, A. (2008). Negotiation theory and practice: A review of the literature.
    • Wheeler, M. (2013). The art of negotiation: How to improvise agreement in a chaotic world. Simon and Schuster.

     

     

     

     

Journal of Politics and International Relations
Volume 8, Issue 16
November 2025

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics