From Artificial Intelligence to Organoid Intelligence in International Relations

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of International Relations, Faculty of Civilization and World Studies, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran

10.22080/jpir.2025.29850.1441

Abstract

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and organoid intelligence (OI) have profoundly reshaped international relations, influencing diplomacy, security, and global governance. AI’s capacity to analyze vast datasets and generate strategic predictions has made it indispensable in political decision-making and conflict resolution, while OI—by mimicking human brain functions—offers deeper qualitative insights, compensating for AI’s shortcomings in interpreting human emotions and ethical dilemmas. Together, these technologies empower nations to manage crises, conduct diplomatic negotiations, and even mitigate military conflicts with unprecedented speed and accuracy.
However, the growing influence of non-human intelligence introduces critical challenges, including accountability in automated systems, data privacy risks, and the widening technological gap between advanced and developing nations. These issues highlight the urgent need for international regulatory frameworks to ensure equitable and ethical adoption. Additionally, excessive reliance on intelligent systems could erode national sovereignty, as governments may cede decision-making autonomy to algorithms.
This study employs a qualitative methodology to explore the transformative role of AI and OI in global affairs. By analyzing their strategic benefits and ethical risks, the paper underscores the necessity of balancing innovation with governance. Future research should prioritize developing policies that harmonize technological advancement with human values, ensuring these tools serve global stability rather than exacerbate inequalities.

Keywords

Main Subjects


زهرا شریف زاده، امیر هوشنگ میر کوشش، محمد مهدی حسینی (1403). واکاوی نقش هوش مصنوعی در آینده روابط بین­الملل، مطالعات راهبردی سیاست بین الملل، دورۀ 17، شمارۀ 1، پیاپی 13: 194-167.
سارا خورشیدی اقدام مهربانی، افشین زرگر، امیر محمودی، زینب عصمتی (1402). کاربرد فناوری هوش مصنوعی در تسلیحات نظامی از منظر حقوق بشر دوستانه، پژوهش‌های روابط بین­الملل، دورۀ سیزدهم، شمارۀ 3، پیاپی 50: 353-335.
علی احمدی، افشین زرگر، علی آدمی (1401). فناوری هوش مصنوعی و تغییر در امنیت ملی دولت‌ها، نشریۀ علمی سیاست دفاعی، سال 32، شمارۀ 123: 64-39.
فخرالدین سلطانی (1403). پیش‌بینی اختلال در هوش مصنوعی و امور بین‌الملل، جهان سیاست، چاپ اول.
محمدرضا مجیدی، رحیم بایزیدی (1403). هوش مصنوعی و تحول پاردایمیک در نظریه و عمل روابط بین­الملل، پژوهش‌های روابط بین­الملل، دورۀ چهاردهم، شمارۀ 3، پیاپی 54: 49-31.
 
Daly, A., Hagendorff, T., Hui, L., Mann, M., Marda, V., Wagner, B., Wang, W., & Witteborn, S. (2019). Artificial Intelligence Governance and Ethics: Global Perspectives. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.03848.
Bolukbasi, T., Chang, K. W., Zou, J. Y., Saligrama, V., & Kalai, A. T. (2016). Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.
Bostrom, N., & Yudkowsky, E. (2014). The ethics of artificial intelligence, In K. Frankish & W. M. Ramsey (Eds.) , The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence. Cambridge University Press.
Ding, J. (2021). AI and the future of great power competition, International Affairs, 97(3)
Eiran, E. U. (2023). International Relations, Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.661.
Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press.
Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2020). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment,  Science, 293(5537).
 Hartung, T., Smirnova, L., & Kagan, B. J. (2025). Editorial: Intersection between the biological and digital. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience.
Hartung, T. (2022). Organoid intelligence: The next frontier in biocomputing, Nature Biotechnology, 40(3), 42-49.
Hudson, V. M. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and International Politics. Taylor & Francis.
Ienca, M., & Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology, Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13(1).
Johnson, A., & Lee, M. (2023). Neural-enhanced cybersecurity: The role of brain-AI hybrids, Journal of Global Security, 15(2).
Johnson, M. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in Global Politics, Cambridge University Press.
Johnson, P. (2022). Cognitive warfare and psychological operations: The role of organoid intelligence. International Journal of Strategic Studies, 12(1).
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kapetas, L. (2020). AI and military innovation, Security Studies, 29(4).
Knight, R. (2023). Predictive modeling in conflict resolution using organoid intelligence, International Security Review, 34(4).
Kurbalija, J. (2025). AI diplomacy: Geopolitics and tools, DiploFoundation. https://www.diplomacy.edu/topics/ai-and-diplomacy.
Lancaster, M. A., & Knoblich, J. A. (2014). Organogenesis in a dish: Modeling development and disease using organoid technologies, Science, 345(6194).
Lancaster, M. A., Renner, M., Martin, C. A., Wenzel, D., Bicknell, L. S., Hurles, M. E., & Knoblich, J. A. (2013). Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. “Nature”, 501(7467).
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning, Nature, 521(7553).
Marwala, T. (2023). AI and international relations—A whole new minefield, United Nations University.
Palmer, X., Akafia, C., Woodson, E., & Potter, L. (2024). Organoids, Biocybersecurity, and Cyberbiosecurity—A Light Exploration. Organoids, 3(2), 83-112. Retrieved from MDPI.
QPS. (2025). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Capacities and Challenges. Quarterly Journal of Political Science Studies https://qpss.atu.ac.ir/article_17881_en.html.
Randieri, C. (2023). The Emergence of Organoid Intelligence: Reshaping AI with Miniature Brains. Forbes Technology Council. Retrieved from Forbes.
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2011). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.) , Prentice Hall.
Scharre, P., & Lamberth, M. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Arms Control. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.00065.
ScienceDirect. (2025). Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Global Diplomacy: A Review of Research and Practical Models. Sustainable Futures, 9, 100486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100486.
Smirnova, L., Caffo, B. S., Gracias, D. H., Huang, Q., Morales Pantoja, I. E., Tang, B., ... & Hartung, T. (2022). Organoid intelligence (OI): The new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish. “Frontiers in Science”, 1(1).
Smith, A., & Lee, J. (2023). Biohybrid intelligence in international relations: The emergence of organoid technology, Oxford University Press.
Smirnova, L., Caffo, B. S., Gracias, D. H., Huang, Q., Morales Pantoja, I. E., Tang, B., ... & Hartung, T. (2023). Organoid intelligence (OI): The new frontier in biocomputing and intelligence-in-a-dish, Frontiers in Science, 1(1), 40-52.
Taylor, R., Johnson, M., & Davis, L. (2023). Enhancing autonomous systems with organoid intelligence. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 29(1).
Tetlock, P. E., & Gardner, D. (2015). Superforecasting: The art and science of prediction, Crown Publishing.
United Nations. (2023). Global governance of emerging neurotechnologies, UN Policy Brief, 12.
Williams, T. (2021). Resource management in military campaigns: The role of organoid intelligence. Logistics and Military Strategy, 6(2).