Mass Migration as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare: A Case Study of Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia Against Europe

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 University of Tehran

2 National Defense University

3 Assistant Professor, Supreme National Defense University

10.22080/jpir.2025.29320.1432

Abstract

The refugee crisis in Europe in recent years has revealed one of Europe's serious vulnerabilities. Some countries, relying on this matter and understanding their geopolitical position, have attempted to use the migration issue as leverage to pressure Europe and gain concessions. The current research, using a library method with a descriptive-analytical approach, evaluates current scientific theories while examining the theory of using mass migration leverage as a tool of hybrid warfare in the anarchic arena of international politics. The study draws upon extensive primary and secondary sources, including policy documents, diplomatic communications, and expert analyses to construct a comprehensive framework for understanding migration as weaponization.
In this regard, the causes and consequences of the migration crisis in Europe are examined, with particular attention to the structural vulnerabilities within European immigration policies and border control mechanisms. The research then examines the practical and historical experience of Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia in using the tool of sending refugees to European territory, and its achievements are studied in detail as case studies.
The results of this article show that the mentioned countries have successfully used refugees as a tool of pressure and bargaining to regulate their relations with Europe and gain security, political, and economic concessions in pursuit of their national interests.

Keywords

Journal of Politics and International Relations
Volume 6, Issue 12
January 2023
Pages 101-137

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